Network Security Plus Questions and Answers Flashcards

group of programs that manipulate the database and provide an interface between the database and the user of the database and other application programs.

Database management system

DBMS

Database management system

basic building block of information consisting of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numeric digits, or special symbols

character

typically a name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activity

field

A collection of related data fields

record

A collection of related records

file

bits, characters, fields, records, files and databases

hierarchy of data

generalized class of people, places, or things for which data is collected, stored, and maintained

entity

a characteristic of an entity

attribute

the specific value of an attribute

data item

a field or set of fields in a record that is used to identify the record

key

a field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record

primary key

an approach whereby separate data files are created and stored for each application program

traditional approach to data management

duplication of data in separate files

data redundancy

the degree to which the data in any one file is accurate

data integrity

an approach whereby a pool of related data is shared by multiple application programs

database approach to data management

data modeling done at the level of the entire enterprise

enterprise data modeling

a data model that uses basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data

entity-relationship diagrams

entity-relationship diagrams

ER

a data model in which data is organized in a top-down, or inverted tree, structure

hierarchical database model

An expansion of the hierarchical database model with an owner-member relationship in which a member may have many owners

network model

a database model that describes data in which all data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, that are the logical equivalent of files

relational database model

the allowable values for data attributes

domain

data manipulation that chooses rows according to certain criteria

selecting

data manipulation that chooses columns in a table

projecting

data manipulation that combines two or more tables

joining

data manipulation that combines two or more tables using common data attributes to form a new table with only the unique data attributes

linked

a description of the entire database

schema

a file that contains a description of a subset of the database and identifies which users can view and modify the data items in the subset

subschema

a collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and data relationships in a specific database

data definition language

DDL

Data definition language

a detailed description of all the data used in the database

data dictionary

A method of dealing with a situation in which two or more people need to access the same record in a database at the same time

concurrency control

the commands that are used to manipulate the data in a database

data manipulation language

DML

Data manipulation language

a highly skilled and trained systems professional who directs or performs all activities related to maintaining a successful database environment

Database administrator

DBA

Database administrator

a nontechnical but important person who ensures that data is managed as an important organizational resource

data administrator

A database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the company's processes, products and customers

data warehouse

a subset of a data warehouse

data mart

an information analysis tool that involves the automated discover of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse

data mining

a form of data mining that combines historical data with assumptions about future conditions to predict outcomes of events such as future product sales or the probability that a customer will default on a loan

predictive analysis

the process of getting enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it so that it can have a positive impact on business strategy, tactics, or operations

business intelligence

a continuous process involving the legal and ethical collection of information, analysis, and controlled dissemination of information to decision makers

competitive intelligence

the steps an organization takes to protect information sought by hostile intelligence gatherers

counterintelligence

the process of capturing a company's collective expertise wherever it resides-in computers, on paper, in people's heads-and distributing it wherever it can help produce the biggest payoff

knowledge management

software that allows users to explore data from a number of different perspectives

on-line analytical processing

OLAP

on-line analytical processing

Standards that ensure that software written to comply with them can be used with any ODBC-compliant database

open database connectivity standards

a DBMS capable of manipulating audio, video, and graphical data

ORDBMS object-relational database management system

_____is one of the most valuable resources a firm possesses

Data

Data is organized into a hierarchy that builds from the smallest element to the largest: list all six

bit, byte, field, record, file, and database

An _____ is a generalized class of objects for which data is collected, stored, and maintained

entity

An ______is a characteristic of an entity

attribute

Specific values of attributes-called ________-can be found in the fields of the record describing an entity

data items

A _____ key is a field within a record that is used to identify the record

data

A _________key uniquely identifies a record

primary

a ______ key is a field in a record

secondary

The traditional approach to data management has been from a

file perspective

In traditional file-based data management, ___ ____are created for each application.

Separate files

This file-based data mgmt approach can create problems over time: as more files are created for new applications, data that is common to the individual files becomes

redundant

if data is changed in one file in file-based mgmt those changes might not be made to other files, reducing

data integrity.

The database approach was developed. Benefits of this approach include reduced data redundancy, improved data consistency and integrity, easier _____ _______, standardization of data access, and more _____ program development.

modification and updating; efficient

Potential disadvantages of the database approach include the relatively high cost of _______ __________a DBMS in a mainframe operating environment; specialized staff required to implement and coordinate the use of the database; and increased __________ i

purchasing and operating; vulnerability

When building a database, careful consideration must be given to 3 things:

content and access, logical structure, and physical organization

One of the tools database designers use to show the relationships among data is a ___ ____that shows data entities and their _____

data model; relationships

Enterprise data modeling involves analyzing the ___ ______ of the entire organization

data and information needs

___or ________ __________ diagrams can be employed to show the 'relationships between entities in the organization.

Entity-relationship (ER)

Databases typically use one of three common models:

hierarchical (tree), network, and relational

The _______ _____, the most widely used database model, is easier to control, more flexible, and more intuitive than the other models because it organizes data in tables.

relational model

A _____is a group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs

DBMS data base management system

When an application program requests data from the database, it follows a _____ _____ path.

logical access

The actual retrieval of the data follows a ____ _____path.

physical access

Records can be considered in the same way: a ______record is what the record contains; a ______ record is where the record is stored on storage devices.

logical; physical

______ are used to describe the entire database, its record types, and their relationships to the DBMS

Schemas

A database management system provides four basic functions:

providing user views, creating and modifying the database, storing and retrieving data, and manipulating data and generating reports.

_________ are used to define a user view, the portion of the database a user can access and/or manipulate.

Subschemas

Schemas and subschemas are entered into the computer via a ___ ____ ____, which describes the data and relationships in a specific database

data definition language

Another tool used in database management is the _____ _____, which contains detailed descriptions of all data in the database

data dictionary

Once a DBMS has been installed, the database may be ___ ___ ____via a data manipulation language.

accessed, modified, and queried

___is used in several popular database packages today and can be installed on PCs and mainframes

SQL

Popular end-user DBMSs include Microsoft Access, Lotus Approach, Corel Paradox, and FileMaker's FileMaker Pro. ___ ___ ___ ___ are the leading DBMS vendorS.

IBM, Oracle, Microsoft, and Sybase

A _____ ______ is a highly skilled and trained systems professional who directs or performs all activities related to maintaining a successful database environment.

database administrator (DBA)

The role of the data administrator is a _____ but important one that ensures that data is managed as an important ______ _______

nontechnical;organizational resource.

Organizations are building data warehouses, which are ____ ____ ____ ____specifically designed to support management decision making

relational database management systems

____ _____ which is the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse, is emerging as a practical approach to generate a hypothesis about the _____ _______ ________in the data that can be used to predict future behavior.

Data mining; patterns and anomalies

_____ _______ is the process of getting enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it so that it can have a positive impact on business strategy, tactics, or operations

Business intelligence

_____ ______is one aspect of business intelligence limited to information about competitors and how that information affects strategy, tactics, and operations

Competitive intelligence

____________describes the steps an organization takes to protect information sought by "hostile" intelligence gatherers.

Counterintelligence

_____ ______ is the process of capturing a company's collective expertise wherever it resides-in computers, on paper, or in people's heads-and distributing it wherever it can help produce the biggest payoff

Knowledge management

A _____ _____is a database in which the data may be spread across several smaller databases connected via telecommunications devices

distributed database

Multidimensional databases and ____ ______ programs are being used to store data and allow users to explore the data from a number of different perspectives.

on-line analytical processing (OLAP)

An _____ _____ _____ ____ ___ provides a complete set of relational database capabilities, plus the ability for third parties to add new data types and operations to the database

object-relational database management system (ORDBMS)

These new data types can be audio, images, unstructured text, spatial data, or time series data that require new ___ ___ ___

indexing, optimization, and retrieval features

_____ _____ _____involves the use of an object-relational database to store and access data according to the locations it describes and to permit spatial queries and analysis.

Spatial data technology